Partially coated electrodes

ABSTRACT

A partially coated electrosurgical electrode has a portion of a medical grade metallic material as a substrate for energy application. Conductive of sites of metallic material or alloys thereof pass energy through peaks that define valleys nearby. A partial coating in the valleys has a low surface free energy. A treated surface across the peaks and generally over the filled valleys is relatively smooth for non stick characteristics during application of electrosurgery to tissue and bodily fluids. Openings in the treated surface through the partial coating are at the peaks of conductive sites to expose the metallic material or alloys thereof. The partial coating is a fluorinated polymer. The treated surface is a relatively even level that is not flat. The metallic material substrate is an alloy of stainless steel or nickel chrome. A mechanically deformed surface finish, plasma or vapor deposition on the substrate forms the conductive sites. A method of manufacturing the electrode has steps including preparing it the metallic conductor, making it with the conductive material having peaks above the valleys as conductive sites, applying the partial coating to it and treating the surface across the peaks and generally over the filled valleys of the partially coated electrically conductive electrode. Locating the openings among the valleys is a step. Treating may be mass finishing, such as vibratory or tumbling the partially coated electrodes with or without abrasive material media or polishing, buffing, surface grinding, abrasive belt grinding or sanding with abrasive material. Making the peaks and valleys can be by stamping, coining, burnishing, embossing, threading, tumbling, vibrating, shot peening, wire brushing, grit blasting, thermal spraying, with powder, with wire supplied to melt and be distributed, or with high velocity oxygen fuel and a nickel, cobalt alloy, stainless steel or a nickel chrome alloy. A manufacturing method for the electrode has coating a strip of metal with the low surface energy polymer and forming it in a stamping operation with a raw edge metal edge.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This relates to partially coated electrosurgical electrodes for theapplication of electromagnetic energy to tissue of animal and human andmore particularly to the cleanability of such tips.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Tips for electrosurgical use are subject to high temperature at leastwhereat the electrosurgical arc emanates during, e.g. fulguration orcoagulation. The heat thus provided by ohmic coupling through air causesthe proteins in the bodily fluids to coagulate and adhere to the tips.

Coatings have been used to increase the ease of cleanability of theelectrosurgical tips. U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,807 has a primer and topcoating of Teflon polymer over an etched or abraded stainless steel tip.The coating is thin and during application of electromagnetic energy itis said that there is capacitive coupling to allow passage of power tothe tissue being treated. Thus, the Teflon polymer surface should remainlargely intact and so the cleanability of the tip is good.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,492,231 discusses temperature, tip conductivity andsticking of desiccated blood in a bipolar forceps.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,232,676 and 4,314,559 assigned to Corning Glass Works,disclose mechanically cutting knives or scalpel tips that have areas forelectrocautery and other areas which do not conduct high frequencypower. The '676 patent has bipolar electrodes on the same tip so thatpower passing therebetween will cauterize bleeders thereagainst. The'559 patent is an electrically conductive coating over a glass scalpelto which a silver brazing paste has been applied forming a surfacefinish having interstices to be filled with Teflon polymer for providingnon-stick properties. Alternately, platinum is applied with a rough andTeflon polymer filled surface. Only portions of the scalpel that arecovered have an electrical connection between them and the tissue; thesilver or platinum conductors have numerous problems. Most importantly,these noble metals are expensive and applied in a relative thin layerwhich must be mechanically compatible with the electrosurgical blade ortip. In use the surgeon may flex the blade during cleaning as forexample, while wiping the used tip on a cleaning pad, patient drape orthe like. Good mechanical connection between the conductive layer andthe glass substrate is essential to prevent fracture of the coating orstill worse flaking of the coating into the wound. The glass substrateis not a deformable material and would fracture under bending andtherefore be unacceptable for use in surgery. In addition,biocompatability of the conductive layer and the tissue is critical to acommercial product and silver is not an endorsed material for contactwith a wound. No commercially viable method of making is taught in '559.Consequently, a conductive layer that is metallurgically, mechanicallyand electrically compatible and biocompatable has not been known. Theplatinum conductive layer in the '559 patent was found to adhere poorly,be expensive and therefore unacceptable.

The Teflon polymer fills interstices, inclusions and the like at thesurface providing non-stick areas on the cutting, cauterizing orcoagulating instrument. The '559 patent teaches of a surface whichprovides areas of Teflon polymer and raw metal and so recognizes theconductive nature of the tip and permits energy flow without capacitivecoupling or the need to overcome the electrical insulative properties ofthe polymer coating. Specifically, interstices along the conductivelayer on the substrate of the metal tip are filled with primer and a topcoat of Teflon polymer. The surface is thus partly conductive metal andpartly cleanable Teflon polymer but the problems of compatibility withknown conductive layer materials have hampered commercially successfulblades.

Cookware has been made with filled fluoropolymer to reinforce therelatively soft polymer against scrapes and abrasions. In particular,fillers such as mica and other minerals, metals, ceramics and othermaterials have been used for that purpose and to improve the appearanceof the coated cookware. There is no electrosurgical energy conducted incookware. No partially coated electrosurgical electrodes exist whereinan easily cleaned electrosurgical electrode having a partial coating offluorinated polymer including areas of exposed and compatible metallicconductor therethrough and uniformly distributed thereabout forproviding an effective conductive and cleanable electrode are known inthe prior patents. It has been found that the cleanability of theelectrosurgical tips is a function of surface finish as well as thesurface free energy of the partial coating. The burning through thefully coated electrosurgical electrodes has been a problem which iscorrected by the partially coated electrode disclosed and claimedherein. Significant reductions of adherence of coagulum to theelectrosurgical electrode is possible with the partially coated blade.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A partially coated electrosurgical electrode preferably applieselectromagnetic energy in either a monopolar or a bipolar circuit to andthrough the tissue and the bodily fluids of an animal or human. Thepartially coated electrosurgical electrode may have an electricallyconductive electrode for connection to a source of electromagneticelectrosurgical energy and for transmission of the electromagneticelectrosurgical energy in the circuit to and through the tissue and thebodily fluids of the animal or human. A portion of the electricallyconductive electrode is most preferably a medical grade biocompatablemetallic material as a substrate thereof. The portion can be located forthe application of electromagnetic energy in either a monopolar or abipolar circuit to and through the tissue and the bodily fluids of ananimal or human. Conductive sites preferably pass electrosurgical energylocated on the portion of the medical grade biocompatable metallicmaterial substrate. The conductive sites may include peaks definingvalleys thereby. The conductive sites are preferably formed of themedical grade biocompatable metallic material substrate or alloysthereof. A partial coating may reside primarily in the valleys disposedfor contact with the tissue and the bodily fluids of the animal or humanduring electrosurgical application of the partially coatedelectrosurgical electrode. The partial coating could have a low surfacefree energy. A treated surface is preferably substantially across thepeaks and generally over the filled valleys of the partially coatedelectrically conductive electrode. The treated surface might berelatively smooth for non stick mechanical characteristics duringapplication of electrosurgical effects to tissue and bodily fluids.Openings are most preferably in the treated surface through the partialcoating. The openings formed in the treated surface might besubstantially at the peaks of conductive sites thereby exposing themedical grade biocompatable metallic material or alloys thereof. Theopenings are most preferably located primarily about and among thevalleys filled with the partial coating so that the smooth treatedsurface formed of the openings and the filled valleys permits the directpassage of electromagnetic electrosurgical energy by conduction ofelectrons through the circuit between the openings therein and thetissue and the bodily fluids. It is preferred that, the filled valleyscan provide the partial coating having an easily cleaned low surfacefree energy. The partial coating is preferably a fluorinated polymermaking direct passage of electrosurgical energy impossible without abreakdown of the dielectric properties of the fluorinated polymer. Thefluorinated polymer may be conductive. The conductive sites are in thepreferred embodiment carried on the substrate and electrical couple totransmit electrosurgical energy. The treated surface can be reduced to arelatively even level that is not flat whereon the openings and thefilled valleys of partial coating form a generally undulating surfacefor reducing mechanical coupling of coagulum for lowering the surfacefree energy thereacross while increasing the size of the openingsrelative to the peaks. The openings are preferred to be in the range ofabout three to 20 percent of the area of the portion of the electricallyconductive electrode having a medical grade biocompatable metallicmaterial as a substrate thereof. The treated surface might have peaksreduced to nearly the level of the filled valleys.

The medical grade biocompatable metallic material substrate may besubstantially an alloy of stainless steel. The medical gradebiocompatable metallic material substrate could be primarily an ironnickel chrome alloy. The conductive sites might be formed as a plasmadeposition of the conductive material as the substrate. A mechanicallydeformed surface finish on the medical grade biocompatable metallicmaterial electrically conductive electrode substrate could be used toproduce the peaks and valleys of the conductive sites. A vapordeposition of the medical grade biocompatable metal can form theconductive sites on the medical grade biocompatable metallic materialelectrically conductive electrode substrate as the peaks. The partialcoating might include a solid lubricant compounded to the fluorinatedpolymer. The partial coating need only be a low surface energy polymer.The medical grade biocompatable metallic material conductive sites mighthave a high nickel content at the openings.

A method of manufacturing a partially coated electrosurgical electrodefor the application of electromagnetic energy in either a monopolar or abipolar circuit through the tissue and the bodily fluids of an animal orhuman can include steps. Preparing an electrically conductive electrodeof a medical grade biocompatable metallic material substrate forconnection to a source of electromagnetic electrosurgical energy at oneend thereof and for transmission of the electromagnetic electrosurgicalenergy in the circuit from another end thereof to and through the tissueand the bodily fluids of the animal or human may be a step. Making theelectrically conductive electrode about its one end with an electricallyconductive material for the conductive sites which are the conductivematerial preferably the same medical grade biocompatable metal of thesubstrate, the making of the electrically conductive electrode to havepeaks in the range of about 1 to 50 microns in height above the valleysfor forming conductive sites for passing electrosurgical energy throughthe openings at the peaks and located on the one end of the electricallyconductive electrode can be another step. Applying a partial coating forresiding primarily in the valleys disposed for contact with the tissueand the bodily fluids of the animal or human during electrosurgicalapplication of the partially coated electrosurgical electrode could be afurther step. Applying the partial coating to a thickness in the rangeof about 5 to 100 microns might be another step.

The step of making may be performed by coining the one end. The step ofmaking could be performed by burnishing the one end. The step of makingcan be performed by stamping the one end. The step of making might beperformed by embossing the one end. The step of making can be performedby threading the one end. The step of making may preferably be performedby etching the one end. The step of making is in a preferred methodperformed by knurling the one end. The step of making could be performedby shot peening the one end. The step of making might be performed bywire brushing the one end. The step of making can be performed by gritblasting the one end. The step of making may preferably be performed bythermal spraying the one end with a conductive material. The step ofmaking can preferably be performed by plasma spraying the one end withconductive powder material. The step of making is in another methodperformed by electric arc spraying the one end with conductive wirematerial. The step of making may be performed by high velocity oxygenfuel (HVOF) combustion spraying the one end with a conductive material.

Treating a surface substantially across the peaks and generally over thefilled valleys of the partially coated electrically conductive electrodecan be used as a step for generating relatively smooth non stick surfaceof a relatively uniform level so that the height of the partial coatingand the peaks are reduced. Forming openings in the treated surfacethrough the partial coating at the peaks for exposing the electricallyconductive material might be another step. Locating the openingsprimarily among the valleys filled with the partial coating so that thesmooth treated surface formed of the openings and the filled valleyscould permit the direct passage of electromagnetic electrosurgicalenergy through the circuit between the openings therein and the tissueand the bodily fluids while the filled valleys provide the partialcoating having an easily cleaned low surface free energy may be anadditional step.

The step of treating may be performed by tumbling a plurality ofpartially coated electrodes with abrasive material media. The step oftreating could be performed by tumbling a plurality of the partiallycoated electrodes together. The step of treating might be performed byvibrating in a container a plurality of the partially coated electrodewith abrasive material media. The step of treating can be performed byvibrating in a container a plurality of the partially coated electrodestogether. The step of treating is in one method preferably performed bypolishing or buffing the partially coated electrode with abrasivematerial. The step of treating may be performed by buffing the partiallycoated electrode with abrasive material. The step of treating could beperformed by abrasive belt grinding or sanding the partially coatedelectrode with abrasive material. The step of treating might beperformed by surface grinding the partially coated electrode withabrasive material.

A method of manufacturing a partially coated electrosurgical electrodemay have steps including coating a portion of a strip of medical gradesheet metal with a low surface energy polymer and formingelectrosurgical electrodes in a progressive stamping operation includingsevering through the coated portion to produce at least a raw edge metaledge for electrosurgery. The step of coating the portion of theelectrosurgical electrode with conductive material having peaks andvalleys prior to the step of coating the strip of medical grade sheetmetal with a low surface free energy polymer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partially coated electrosurgical electrode for theapplication of electromagnetic energy in either a monopolar or a bipolarcircuit shown schematically and in perspective.

FIG. 2 is a side view in cross section as taken along lines 2--2 of FIG.1 of the preferred embodiment of a partially coated electrosurgicalelectrode.

FIG. 3 is a side view in cross section as taken along lines 3--3 of FIG.1 of an alternate embodiment of a partially coated electrosurgicalelectrode.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing the relevant part of theprogression for producing a partially coated electrode from a sheetmetal strip that has a conductive material and thereafter covered with alow surface free energy coating that is treated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In FIG. 1 is a partially coated electrosurgical electrode 10 for theapplication of electromagnetic energy in either a monopolar or a bipolarcircuit 11 and is shown schematically in perspective and in thealternative. An electrically conductive electrode 12 connects to asource of electromagnetic electrosurgical energy 13 for transmission ofthe electromagnetic electrosurgical energy to the tissue and the bodilyfluids of the animal or human, see FIG. 1. The partially coatedelectrosurgical electrode 10 applies electromagnetic energy duringelectrosurgery in either a monopolar or a bipolar circuit 11 to andthrough the tissue and the bodily fluids of an animal or human. Aportion of the electrically conductive electrode 12 is a medical gradebiocompatable metallic material as a substrate 14 thereof, as in FIGS. 2and 3. The preferred material is stainless steel and alloys thereof butnickel and other highly conductive metals have been found to work wellin electrosurgical applications.

Conductive sites 15 located on the portion of the medical gradebiocompatable metallic material substrate 14 pass electrosurgicalenergy. The conductive sites 15 include peaks 16 defining valleys 17thereby, as in FIG. 2 only. Consequently, the conductive sites 15 areformed of the medical grade biocompatable metallic material substrate 14or alloys thereof. A partial coating 18 is applied to reside primarilyin the valleys 17 disposed for contact with the tissue and the bodilyfluids of the animal or human during electrosurgical application of thepartially coated electrosurgical electrode 10. The partial coating 18has a low surface free energy to resist sticking of coagulated tissueand bodily fluids. A treated surface 19 is substantially across thepeaks 16 and generally over the filled valleys 17 of the partiallycoated electrically conductive electrode 10. The treated surface 19 isrelatively smooth for non stick mechanical characteristics and easycleaning on a drape, gauze or other convenient cleaning surface in thesterile field. That is to say that, there are no rough areas or edges onthe treated surface for tissue or bodily fluid to coagulate to or adhereat. Openings 20 are in the treated surface 19 through the partialcoating 18. In particular, the openings 20 formed in the treated surface19 are substantially at the peaks 16 of conductive sites 15 therebyexposing the medical grade biocompatable metallic material or alloysthereof. The openings 20 are located primarily about and among thevalleys 17 filled with the partial coating 18 so that the smooth treatedsurface 19 formed of the openings 20 and the filled valleys 17 permitsthe direct passage of electromagnetic electrosurgical energy byconduction of electrons through the circuit 11 between the openings 20therein and the tissue and the bodily fluids.

It is preferred that, the filled valleys 17 provide the partial coating18 having an easily cleaned low surface free energy. The surface energyis preferably less than 25 ergs per centimeter squared with its polarless than five percent of the total surface energy. In FIG. 2, a sideview in cross section as taken along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1 of thepreferred embodiment, the partially coated electrosurgical electrode 10is disclosed. Note that, in FIG. 2 the cross section of the partiallycoated electrosurgical electrode 10 is shown enlarged and schematicallyso that the concept of peaks 16 and valleys 17 with the treated surface19 forming openings 20 is readily apparent. The partial coating 18 is afluorinated polymer making direct passage of electrosurgical energyimpossible without a breakdown of the dielectric properties of thefluorinated polymer. For example, Whitford, of Westchester, Pa., Xylan8820 has been found to work well. The fluorinated polymer may be madeslightly conductive by the addition thereto of conductive matter such aspowered metal or other conductor including carbon, molybdenum disulfideor mineral salts. Even so, the dielectric properties of thefluoropolymer are considered an insulator as regards the flow ofelectrons in the circuit 11.

The conductive sites 15 are carried on the substrate 14 and electricallycouple therewith to transmit electrosurgical energy from the source 13to and through the electrode 12. The treated surface 19 can be reducedto a relatively even level that is not entirely flat whereon theopenings 20 and the filled valleys 17 of partial coating 18 form agenerally undulating surface for reducing mechanical coupling ofcoagulum for lowering the overall surface free energy thereacross whileincreasing the size of the openings 20 relative to the peaks 16, as bestshown in FIG. 2. The openings 20 are preferred to be in the range ofabout three to 20 percent of the total area of the portion of theelectrically conductive electrode 10 having the conductive sites 15preferably of the same medical grade biocompatable metallic material asthe substrate 14, The treated surface 19 produces peaks 16 reduced tonearly the level of the filled valleys 17 whereby the electrode 12 isrelatively smooth. The partial coating 18 thus produced has a mottledappearance of the gleaming metallic openings 20 contrasting with thecoated filled valleys 17 sort of like the appearance of stars in thecloudless night sky.

The medical grade biocompatable metallic material substrate 14 issubstantially an alloy of stainless steel but could be primarily anickel chrome alloy or pure nickel. The conductive sites 15 might beformed as a plasma deposition of the same or different material as thesubstrate 14 wherein, for example, the substrate 14 is an iron nickelchrome alloy. A mechanically deformed surface finish on the medicalgrade biocompatable metallic material electrically conductive electrode10 substrate 14 could be used to produce the peaks 16 and valleys 17 ofthe conductive sites 15. In particular, any pattern regular or not couldbe plastically formed into the substrate 14 to raise the peaks 16. Avapor deposition of the medical grade biocompatable metal or anycompatible metal or alloy can form the conductive sites 15 on themedical grade biocompatable metallic material electrically conductiveelectrode 10 substrate 14 as the peaks 16. It may be economicallydesirable to have a non-medically biocompatable substrate 14 with abiocompatable conductive material for the conductive site 15. Thepreferred conductive material is Metec 4050C nickel chrome powder, fromMetallurgical Technologies, Inc. of Pearland, Tex.

The partial coating 18 might include a solid lubricant compounded to thefluorinated polymer. Solid lubricants such as graphite, molybdenumdisulfide, or the like can be compounded with the polymer. The partialcoating 18 need only be any low surface energy polymer as describedherein for example. The medical grade biocompatable metallic materialsubstrate 14 or the conductive material might have a highly conductivemetallic material such as an alloy with generous nickel content surfaceat the openings 20.

A method of manufacturing the partially coated electrosurgical electrode10 for the application of electromagnetic energy in either the monopolaror a bipolar circuit 11 through the tissue and the bodily fluids of ananimal or human includes steps. Preparing an electrically conductiveelectrode 10 of a medical grade metallic conductor for connection to thesource 13 of electromagnetic electrosurgical energy at one end 21thereof and for transmission of the electromagnetic electrosurgicalenergy in the circuit 11 from another end 22 thereof to and through thetissue and the bodily fluids of the animal or human is a step. Typicallythe electrosurgical electrode 12 is formed in a progressive stampingoperation at high speed from 302 stainless steel sheet 0.5 mm thick. Thethin stainless sheet is blanked but carried on a progression 23 shown inFIG. 4 during a multiple forming operation which produces the hollowtubular end 21 to connect with the source 13 of electrosurgical energy.The elongate paddle end 22 has thinned edges 24 as shown in FIGS. 1 and3; the edges 24 are used by the surgeon to apply the electrosurgicalenergy to the tissue or bodily fluids during cutting or coagulating.Because of the openings 20, the end 22 can also be used to applyelectrosurgical energy, if desired, and still be non stick and easy toclean. Different wave forms of electrosurgical energy are used forcutting or coagulating and various techniques can be applied by thesurgeon to coagulate bleeding. The transfer of electrosurgical energy isby means of establishing the flow of electrons from the electrosurgicalelectrode 12 to the patient and then to a return in the form of a pad 25in FIG. 1 when monopolar is used or another nearby electrode 26 whenbipolar is used. Making the electrically conductive electrode 12 aboutits end 22 with the electrically conductive material coating that can besubstantially the same as the medical grade metallic conductor has beenfound to work particularly well because the physical connection betweenthe substrate 14 and the electrically conductive material coating forconductive sites 15 is excellent when the metals are the same orsimilar. The making of the electrically conductive electrode 12 to havepeaks 16 in the range of about 1 to 50 microns in height above thevalleys 17 for forming the conductive sites 15 which passelectrosurgical energy from the one end 22 of the electricallyconductive electrode 12 can be another step. Applying the partialcoating 18 for residing primarily in the valleys 17 and disposed tocontact tissue and the bodily fluids of the animal or human duringelectrosurgical application of the partially coated electrosurgicalelectrode 10 could be a further step. Applying the partial coating 18 toa thickness in the preferred range of about 5 to 100 microns is anotherstep. Treating surfaces 19 substantially across the peaks 16 andgenerally over the filled valleys 17 of the partially coatedelectrically conductive electrode 10 is used as a step for generatingthe relatively smooth non stick surface of a appropriately uniformlevel. The level does not have to be dead smooth or flat and so theexecution is within the typical level of ordinary high speedmanufacturing processes which usually leave the finished appearanceunder magnification with scratches, abrasions and other imperfections.The average roughness found to work acceptably is in the range of aboutunder R_(A) 180 micro inches. Forming openings 20 in the treated surface19 through the partial coating 18 at the peaks 16 for exposing theelectrically conductive material coating at the conductive sites 15 isanother step. Locating the openings 20 primarily among the valleys 17filled with the partial coating 18 so that the smooth treated surface 19formed of the openings 20 and the filled valleys 17 permits the directpassage of electromagnetic electrosurgical energy through the circuit 11between the openings 20 therein and the tissue and the bodily fluidswhile the filled valleys 17 provide the partial coating 18 having aneasily cleaned low surface free energy is an additional step.

The step of treating the surface can be performed in many ways andseveral are disclosed for example but not by way of limitation.Therefore, treating the surface can be preferably performed by massfinishing including vibratory finishing the partially coated electrode10 with abrasive material media. The preferred material media is glassor ceramic but steel or plastic can also be used. It is preferred thatzirconia Z1 ceramic media with L161 deburring compound be used fortreating the surface by vibratory finishing. The vibratory finishingprocess is typically performed for a period of time such as 15 to 90minutes and is accomplished in a container that carries and rotates sothe plurality of electrosurgical electrodes are tossed against oneanother, the media or the container. The step of treating could beperformed by tumbling a plurality of the partially coated electrodestogether with or without the media. The surface finish on mass finishedelectrodes is thus generally uniform. The step of treating is performedby polishing or buffing the partially coated electrode 10 with abrasivematerial, e.g. aluminum oxide. The polishing or buffing operation can beperformed while the electrodes are carried on the progression 23 duringor after the stamping operations. The step of treating is alternativelyperformed by buffing the partially coated electrode 10 with abrasivematerial before, during or after the progressive stamping operation. Thestep of treating could be performed by abrasive belt grinding or sandingthe partially coated electrode 10 with abrasive material. The step oftreating might be performed by surface grinding the partially coatedelectrode with abrasive material. The step of treating might beperformed by burnishing using rollers or through a die.

Similarly, the step of making the peaks 16 and valleys 17 can beaccomplished is a variety of ways and the possibilities herein are but afew examples presented to disclose the sort of method steps potentiallyavailable. The step of making can be performed by stamping the one end22. The step of making may be performed by coining the one end 22. Thestep of making could be performed by burnishing the one end 22. The stepof making might be performed by embossing the one end 22. The step ofmaking can be performed by threading the one end 22. The step of makingmay be performed by knurling the one end 22. The step of making isperformed by etching the one end 22. The step of making could beperformed by shot peening the one end 22. The step of making might beperformed by wire brushing the one end 22. The step of making can beperformed by grit blasting the one end 22. The step of making can beperformed by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying the one end 22 withpowder, e.g. any metallic or conductive material can be used. The stepof making is in another method performed by electric arc spraying theone end 22 with a conductive wire material. The step of making may beperformed by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying the one end 22 with aconductive material. The preferred step of making is performed by plasmaspraying the one end 22 with a conductive material.

A method of manufacturing the partially coated electrosurgical electrode10 has steps including coating a portion 27 of a strip 28 of medicalgrade sheet metal with a low surface energy polymer and formingelectrosurgical electrodes 12 in a progressive stamping operationincluding severing through the coated portion 27 to produce at least araw conductive edge 29 for electrosurgery, see for example FIGS. 3 and4. FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross section taken transversely to the longerdimension of the electrosurgical electrode 12. The step of coating theportion 27 of the electrosurgical electrode 12 with conductive materialhaving peaks and valleys prior to the step of coating the portion 27,although this is not specifically shown. In FIG. 3 the concept isexactly that described for FIG. 2. The step of making can be by plasmadeposition.

What is claimed is:
 1. A partially coated electrosurgical electrode forthe application of electromagnetic energy in either a monopolar or abipolar circuit to and through tissue and bodily fluids of an animal orhuman, the partially coated electrosurgical electrode comprising:anelectrically conductive electrode for connection to a source ofelectromagnetic electrosurgical energy and for transmission of theelectromagnetic electrosurgical energy in the circuit to and through thetissue and the bodily fluids of the animal or human; the electricallyconductive electrode having a medical grade biocompatable metallicmaterial located for the application of electromagnetic energy in eithera monopolar or a bipolar circuit to and through the tissue and thebodily fluids of an animal or human; conductive sites for passingelectrosurgical energy located on the medical grade biocompatablemetallic material formed of conductive material; a partial coatingdisposed for contact with the tissue and the bodily fluids of the animalor human during electrosurgical application of the partially coatedelectrosurgical electrode, the partial coating having a polymer; thepartially coated electrically conductive electrode being relativelysmooth for non stick mechanical characteristics during application ofelectrosurgical effects to tissue and bodily fluids, and openings in thepartial coating, the openings formed in the treated surfacesubstantially at the conductive sites thereby exposing the conductivematerial, the openings located so that the smooth treated surface formedof the openings permits the direct passage of electromagneticelectrosurgical energy by conduction through the circuit between theopenings therein and the tissue and the bodily fluids while the partialcoating having an easily cleaned low surface free energy wherein theopenings are in the range of about three to 20 percent of the area ofthe electrically conductive electrode having a medical gradebiocompatable metallic material.
 2. The partially coated electrosurgicalelectrode for the application of electromagnetic energy to the tissueand the bodily fluids of an animal or human of claim 1 wherein themedical grade biocompatable metallic material is substantially an alloyof stainless steel.
 3. The partially coated electrosurgical electrodefor the application of electromagnetic energy to the tissue and thebodily fluids of an animal or human of claim 1 wherein a vapordeposition of the conductive material forms the conductive sites on themedical grade biocompatable metallic material electrically conductiveelectrode.
 4. The partially coated electrosurgical electrode for theapplication of electromagnetic energy to the tissue and the bodilyfluids of an animal or human of claim 1 wherein the medical gradebiocompatable metallic material has a high nickel content surface at theopenings.
 5. The partially coated electrosurgical electrode for theapplication of electromagnetic energy to the tissue or bodily fluids ofan animal or human of claim 1 wherein the partial coating is a lowsurface free energy polymer making direct passage of electrosurgicalenergy impossible without a breakdown of the dielectric properties ofthe low surface free energy polymer.
 6. The partially coatedelectrosurgical electrode for the application of electromagnetic energyto the tissue or bodily fluids of an animal or human of claim 5 whereinthe low surface free energy polymer is slightly conductive.
 7. Thepartially coated electrosurgical electrode for the application ofelectromagnetic energy to the tissue and the bodily fluids of an animalor human of claim 5 wherein the conductive sites electrically couple totransmit electrosurgical energy.
 8. The partially coated electrosurgicalelectrode for the application of electromagnetic energy to the tissueand the bodily fluids of an animal or human of claim 5 wherein thepartial coating includes a compounded solid lubricant included with thepolymer.
 9. The partially coated electrosurgical electrode for theapplication of electromagnetic energy to the tissue or bodily fluids ofan animal or human of claim 8 wherein the partial coating has a lowsurface energy polymer.
 10. The partially coated electrosurgicalelectrode for the application of electromagnetic energy to the tissueand the bodily fluids of an animal or human of claim 1 wherein themedical grade biocompatable metallic material is primarily an ironnickel chrome alloy.
 11. The partially coated electrosurgical electrodefor the application of electromagnetic energy to the tissue and thebodily fluids of an animal or human of claim 9 wherein the conductivesites are a plasma deposition of the conductive material including aniron nickel chrome alloy, nickel chrome alloy or pure nickel.